Read the following passage and select the best answer for each of the questions that follow. Had it not been for Matthew Henson, Robert E. Peary might not have reached the North Pole. Henson, a black man, was the only person to accompany Peary on all of the explorer's Polar expeditions. At first Peary doubted that Henson could endure the arctic climate. During the eighteen years these two attempted to reach the Pole, Henson's unfailing good humor and courage helped Peary to move on. Eskimos of Smith Sound greeted Henson as a brother, welcomed him into their stone igloos, and taught him their difficult language. Soon Henson became the most proficient of Peary's men, not only in speaking Innuit but also in handling a dog team. On later expeditions it was he who taught greenhorns how to drive a dog team and how to survive in the sub-zero climate. Beloved by the Eskimos, who called him "Miy Paluk", he persuaded them to accompany Peary into the uncharted regions where they believed evil spirits dwelled. On a nearly disastrous excursion across the ice cap in 1895, Henson twice saved Peary's life. Again and again Henson proved that he was capable of endurance and achievement, the final test coming in 1909 when he accompanied Peary and four Eskimos on the last lap of the successful dash to the pole. Greenhorns were -