Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage:
Honesty is a noble virtuE- The man (a) _____ possesses this uncommon quality is the happiest man in the world. Truly speaking, a man should have trustworthiness (b) _____ nobody believes a liar. A liar may prosper for the time being, (c) _____ ultimately he goes to the dogs. (d) _____ we should be honest in our lifE- It is believed that honesty is the best policy (e) _____ dishonesty is the sign of downfall. God helps those who are honest. (f) _____ dishonest people are cursed. Childhood is the best time (g) _____ children should be taught honesty. It is seen that children follow their parents (h) _____ parents should be honest. (i) _____ they should be allowed to mix with those friends who are really honest (j) _____ they may build up their character.
(a) who;(b) since/because/as; (c) but; (d) So/Therefore; (e) whereas/and; (f) On the other hand/On the contrary; (g) when;(h) so; (i) Again/And; (j) so that.
- কোনটি Conjunction?
- Complete the sentences with suitable phrase/words given in the box.(a) Safia could not solve the problem with coding.---- -.(b) It's raining torrentially------. we get drenched into rain and walk along?(c). Rafia has been failed in Biology since the beginning of the course. She ----academic counselor to overcome the challenges. consult his subject teacher and(d) There are lots of fish in the lake----. throwing the net for catching fish. In fact it's my hobby?(e) Students are attending the classes unfed early in the morning. They behaved in such a way ----they had never missed any breakfast ever.(f) Our teachers teach us how to be polite and respectful to the parents during talking to us. We should not---- our teachers.(g) The office requires punctuality and sincere efforts ---- run the business smoothly.(h) I observed that people were using to, showing the cutting edge trend. I outing than trendy attires. ------- wear traditional dresses in formal(i) It is incredible that the 12-year old managed to even reach the pedals, ---- drive the car.(j) I have obtained good marks in the questions on connectors. I never expected to get along with it, so I -----.
- The flight will take off _____ that the weather is good.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage:We cannot walk on a road in the darkness without light. (a) _____, we cannot step forward in our life without education. (b) _____, throughout the ages, education has always been compared to light and (c) _____ ignorance has been compared to darkness. (d) _____ the light of education enlightens us. (e) _____ it broadens our mind and widens our outlook. (f) _____, it is education which helps us to become a good citizen. (g) _____, education creates good citizens and ensures the smooth development of a country. (h) _____ ignorance stands on the way of development of an individual. (i) _____ ignorance has a detrimental effect on the overall development of a nation. (j) _____ we should come forward to educate every single person of our country and thereby, ensure the development of our country.
- Select the correct linking word to fill in the gap. "Read attentively - you should fail in the examination.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passege:-We should always keep in mind (a) _____ all kinds of physical exercise are not suitable for all. (b) _____ different people have different capacities. (c) _____, harder exercise (d) _____ wrestling and gymnastics are suitable for young people (e) _____ they have energy to perform them. Weaker and old people should take the milder exercise (f) _____ walking, jogging and free hand exercisE- Over exercise never does good, (g) it breaks down the health. (h) _____, we should always take those exercises (i) _____ would suit us. Physical exercise is important for the preservation of good health. It (j) _____ builds our character.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passagE-Health (a) _____ is the root of all happiness, can be enjoyed taking adequate care of body and mind. People (b) _____ are always under mental stress and suffer from anxieties cannot enjoy a good health, (c) _____ to enjoy good health, it is also necessary to keep our mind sound. They are doctors (d) _____ say that simple and carefree life is more conducive to health. Many people, (e) _____, are not aware of health rules. They (f) _____ take physical exercise (g) _____ take proper food. (h) _____, a huge number of people of our country live below poverty linE- (i) _____ they cannot afford to eat good food. (j) _____ they cannot enjoy good health. (k) _____, awareness about health rules (l) _____ following them are very important in maintaining good health. (m) _____ only healthy people can contribute to the national development. (n) _____ we must be careful of our health.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage.Crows are ugly to look at. They are often looked down by other birds (a) ---their ugliness. This often makes them sad and (b) --- they want to be beautiful. (c) ---how? One day, a crow got a chance to be beautiful. He was roaming in a jungle. (d) ---- he found some beautiful feathers of a peacock. He became very glad (e) ---- he did not want to miss the chance. (f)-- he took the feathers one by one (g)--- struck them in among his own feathers. He looked at himself and became happy (h) --- he was no longer ugly like other crows. (i)--- he made up his mind to go to the peacocks and live with them. (j) ---- seeing him, the peacocks understood (k) - he was a crow in the guise of a peacock. (l) --- they attacked him, pulled out the feathers and drove him away. (m) --- he returned to the crows, they also drove him away. The crow realized his fault (n) ---- promised he would never be false and overambitious.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage: — Man is a social being. (a) _____, man cannot live alonE- (b) _____, man has been living together from time immemorial. Living in society is not an easy task. We have to follow certain rules and regulations of the society. (c) _____, we should be cooperativE- (d) _____, we must help others when they are in need. (e) _____, we have to be careful not to hurt others by our words or activities. (f) _____, we must control our emotions and behave rationally with others. (g) _____, we should not think and live only for us. (h) _____, we should always think and work for the betterment of the society. (i) _____, we should remain prepared to sacrifice our lives for the greater interest of the society. (j) _____, sacrificing our lives for the society makes us immortal.
- ‘He is poor but honest.’ বাক্যে Conjunction কোনটি?
- Suppose, you are a student of Shahid Syed Nazrul Islam, Mymensingh. The students of your college want to go on an excursion to the Sundarbans. Now, on behalf of the students, write an application to the Principal of your college for permission to go on the excursion
- নিচের কোনটি Conjunction -এর উদাহরণ ?
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passagE-A cyclone is a devastating storm in Bangladesh that moves at a high speed, (a) An _____ it causes immense harm to people and property. (b) _____ the inhabitants of coastal regions are the main victims of cyclonE- (c) _____ the cyclone of Bangladesh originates from the Bay of Bengal. (d) _____ it is accompanied by thunders and heavy showers. (e) _____ unbearable heat is felt for a few days. (f) _____ one day the sky becomes terribly dark and strong winds begin to blow. (g) _____ a terrible situation is created that lasts for hours. (h) _____ it causes a great havoc causing death to people and other animals. (i) _____ dwelling houses are blown away. (j) _____ the cyclone is followed by scarcity of food and outbreak of various diseases. (k) _____ the great loss caused by cyclone can be reduced. (l) _____ prior warning can be given to people using modern technology of weather forecast. (m) _____ people and domestic animals of the cyclone-prone areas can be shifted to cyclone shelters. (n) _____ a quick relief work and medical facilities should be ensured.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passagE-Scientists have always wondered (a) _____ there is life anywhere out in the spacE- They have joined together in a major project called the communication with Extra Terrestrial Intelligence (b) _____ seeks to establish contact with any other living beings in the universE- (c)_____ they are beaming out radio signals into the spacE- It was thought (d) _____ there exists life on Mars, (e) _____ two viking spacecrafts (f) _____ landed on Mars in 1976 did not provide much evidence of life therE- The pictures sent by them showed (g) _____ the Mars has a sky; (h) _____, the sky is red instead of a blue one like ours. Its gravity is about half (i) _____ strong (j) _____ that of Earth. (k) _____, the atmosphere is also much thinner than our planet. It has deserts, high mountains, canals, volcanoes, craters etc. as well as summer (l) _____ winter. (m) _____, there are no trees, (n) _____ life forms.
- ‘He could not win but learnt a lot’ Which part of speech is the word ‘but’?
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passagE-The greatness of a book depends (a) _____ on the acceptability among the readers. (b) _____ we read a book (c) _____ once, we can discover many things in it. (d) _____ basing on one reading, we cannot judge the standard of a book. (e) _____ a book is praised (f) _____, we have no doubt about the greatness of the book. (g) _____ the first reading, we may not understand a book. But if it is read more than once, we will see (h) _____ it was read (i) _____ praised. So, the great books are those (j) _____ have passed the test of timE- (k) _____ the appeal of a great book doesn't decreasE- (l) _____, the greatness of the book is newly felt (m) _____ time passes. (n) _____, a great book is widely read and reread by people all over the world.
- Which one is conjunction?
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passagE-Time, by its very nature, is fleeting. (a) _____ time once gone is gone forever. (b) _____ the sincere people realize the value of timE- (c) _____, not everyone is aware of the value of timE- (d) _____, it is seen that many of us waste timE- (e) _____, we realize the significance of lost time when it is too latE- (f) _____, we suffer in lifE- (g) _____ all of us should make the best use of timE- (h) _____ proper time management is the key to success in student lifE- (i) _____, we find that an ideal student is the one who makes the best use of timE- (j) _____, a lazy student fails to make the grade as he kills timE- (k) _____ the teachers advise their students not to waste timE- (l) _____, they warn the students against their addiction to social networking sites and gaming. (m) _____, students should follow the advice of their teachers, (n) _____ they will suffer in the long run.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage: — It was the night before my math exam in the 2nd semester. I could not do better in the math exam of 1st semester. (a) _____, I was really serious about the exam. (b) _____, I was careful enough not to spend a single moment in vain. But, the night did not pass smoothly at all. (c) _____, it was full of mishaps. (d) _____, the electricity went out. I waited for it for about an hour, however, there was no sign of its coming. (e) _____, I lighted a candle and began to study again. The flickering light of the candle was creating problems for mE- Soon, I began to feel a bad headachE- I really wanted to get rid of it. (f) _____, I left my reading room and stood in the balcony for some timE- I began to feel better, but could not stay there for long. (g) _____, I left the placE- (h) _____, I went to my reading room again. (i) _____, to add to my gladness the electricity camE- I could finish my study within two hours. (j) _____, I went to bed with a happy mind.
- Fill in the blanks with suitable linking words/ sentence connectors:Unemployment is a great problem in our country. (a) _____, it is the burning question of the day. (b) _____ almost all the countries of the world suffer from the curse of unemployment problem. (c) _____ Bangladesh is the worst sufferer of this so called problem. (d) _____ nowhere in the world this problem is so acute as in our country. (e) _____ there are many reasons behind it. (f) _____ our country is industrially backward. (g) _____ our system of education fails to give a student an independent start of lifE- (h) _____ it has little provision for vocational training. (i) _____ our students and youth have false sense of dignity. (j) _____ they run after jobs blindly.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passagE-Bangladesh is a free and sovereign country. (a) _____ it was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971. In 1971 it became independent (b) _____ started its journey as a free nation, (c) _____ the journey was not smooth at all. On 7 March, 1971 (d) _____ Bangabandhu delivered his speech, the common mass got united (e) _____ started their preparation for a war. The Pakistani forces started mass killing (f) _____ killed about 30 lakh innocent peoplE- They thought (g) _____ they could suppress the Bangalees within a few days. (h) _____ the brave sons of our land proved them wrong.(i) _____ the freedom fighters didn’t have modern weapons in their hand, they were the real patriots and courageous. (j) _____, after few months they became successful in their mission. (k) _____ the long waited date came (l) _____ the Bangalees got their victory on 16 December, 1971. (m) _____ we are the citizens of a free land (n) _____ marching forward to the way of lasting development very quickly.
- Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces.One February 21, people get up (a) ---- (post-modify the verb) in the morning remembering the memory of the martyrs. They walk (b) ---- (post-modify the verb with a phrase) to the Shaheed Minar. Most of them put on black badges (c) --- (post-modify the noun with a prepositional phrase). They go to the Shaheed Minar (d) ---(use a participle to post-modify the verb) the most cherished song "Amar viayer rokte rangano ....". They pay homage and tribute to the memory of the martyrs. Offering the flowers, they pray for (e) ---- (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) souls. They also gather in the mosque, temple and other (f)--- (pre-modify the noun) institutions and pray for the salvation of the martyrs' (g) --- (pre-modify the noun) souls. Different social and (h)--- (pre-modify the noun) organizations arrange (i)---(pre-modify the noun with an adjective) programmes on (j)--- - (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) day.
- Choose the correct linking word to fill in the gap. You may accept the job on offer _____ you may wait for a better job.
- Mukta knows ______ sing.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage.Honesty is a noble virtue. The man (a) ----- possesses this uncommon quality, is the happiest man in the world. Truly speaking, a man should have trustworthiness (b) ---- nobody believes a liar. A liar may prosper for the time being, (c) ------ultimately, he goes to the dogs. (d)---, we should be honest in our life. It is believed that honesty is the best policy (e) ---dishonesty is the sign of downfall. God helps those who are honest. (f)--- dishonest people are cursed. Childhood is the best time (g)-- - children should be taught honesty. It is seen that children follow their parents. (h)---, parents shou should be honest. (i) ----, they should be allowed to mix with those friends who are really honest. (j),---- parents should tell stories of honest people to children. (k)---, they can tell the story of our Prophet (Sm). (l)----, parents should teach children how to distinguish between right and wrong. (m) ----, children build up their character. (n)----, parents can show the path of honesty to children
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage.Rangpur Town Hall is a place of cultural activities. (a)--- in 1971, it became a torture cell used by the Pakistani army. (b)--- the army brought here innocent Bangalees. After that they started to bring Bangalee women here. Among them Mansura Begum was one who was the wife of a freedom fighter. (c)---- she was young and beautiful, she drew the attention of local collaborators. (d)--- they informed the Pakistani army. (e)---- Pakistani army abducted Mansura. On the day of occurrence, Pakistani soldiers surrounded her house. (f) ---the they searched her husband who joined the Mukti Bahini, (g) ---- they found her father-in-law. They started to beat him mercilessly. The old man got unconscious. (h)--- the barbarous soldiers did not stop beating him. Mansura Begum saw the incident (i)---- she was hiding behind a small bush near the house. Mansura rushed to her father-in-law, grabbed his bleeding body and begged the military not to kill him. (j) ---- they did not listen to her. They picked up the old man on the military truck. (k) - ---they pulled and dragged Mansura on to the truck. (l)---Mansura reached Town Hall, she felt (m) ---- she had come to hell from (n) ----- there was no way to escape
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in blank spaces the following passeges :Rangpur Town Hall is a place of cultural activities. (a) _____ in 1971 it became a torture cell used by the Pakistani army. (b) _____ the army brought here innocent Bangalees. After that they started to bring Bangalee women herE- Among them Mansura Begum was one who was the wife of a freedom fighter. (c) _____ she was young and beautiful, she drew the attention of local collaborators. (d) _____ they informed the Pakistani army. (e) _____ the Pakistani army abducted Mansura. On the day of occurrence Pakistani soldiers surrounded her housE- (f) _____ they searched her husband who joined the Mukti Bahini. (g) _____ they found her father-in-law. They started to beat him mercilessly. The old man got unconscious. (h) _____ the barbarous soldiers did not stop beating him. Mansura rushed to her fatherin-law, grabbed his bleeding body and begged the military not to kill him. (i) _____ they did not listen to her. They picked up the old man on the military truck. (j) _____, they pulled and dragged Mansura on to the truck.
- Complete the sentences with suitable phrase/words given in the box.(a) The canal is deep. It--- do excavation.(b) I-----I could set up an old home. Then I could take care of the helpless poor people.(c)---- a 3D image? It looks really wonderful.(d) Sir Isaac Newton was a mathematician and physicist. He---- at Words Thorpe, Lincolnshire, England on 25 December 1642.(e) It is very cold. You ---- close the window.(f) ------ lived an unhappy young girl. Her mother was dead, and her father had married a widow with two daughters.(g) As soon as the man entered into the station, the train left. He ran--- he could to get into the train but failed.(h) ---- waking me up early in the morning? Okay. I'll call you up.i) You ----start a business than look for a job. It is very difficult to manage a job.(j) The bus stopped. - ----the passengers seen the bus than they got on it
- Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces.One hot (a)---- (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) day an ant was searching for some water. After walking for some time she came to a (b) --- (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) spring. To reach the spring she had to climb up a blade of grass. While climbing the blade of (c) --- (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) grass, she slipped and fell into water. A dove from a mango tree saw this incident. (d) --- (use a participle phrase to pre-modify the verb) the dove quickly plucked off a leaf and dropped it into the water near the (e) ---- (use a present participle to pre-modify the noun) ant. The ant moved towards the leaf and climbed up there. Soon it carried her (f)---- (use an adverb to post-modify the verb) to the dry ground. Just at that time the ant saw a hunter standing (g) ---- (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) close to her. He was aiming an arrow at the dove (h) --- (use relative clause to post-modify the noun). So the ant took a firm determination to save the dove's life. She (i) ---- (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) went to the hunter and gave him a severe bite. The hunter cried out in pain and missed the target. The dove saw this and flew away (j) ---- (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage.The old sailor spoke (a) —— strangely (b) —— the guest stood still. The feast began (c) —— the guest could hear the music and laughter. (d) —— for some reasons, he could not move to join the others. The old man told him about his last journey on the sea. They had sailed away to the south (e) —— they had arrived in the cold gray sea. There the sea was frozen. (f) —— the ice was all around them. The big sails opened wide (g) —— the strong wind blew them quickly through the icy waters. The weather was very cold. (h) ——, there were no birds and animals in that snow-covered country. (i) — — one day the sailor saw an albatross flying towards the ship. (j) —— the men were pleased to see it. They gave it food (k) —— water. It came to the ship every day (l) —— they called it. (m) —— one day the old sailor killed that bird. (n) —— the wind had dropped.
- Read the passage and then write the antonym or synonym of the words as directed below.Books are the unique medium through which we contact mighty minds of ages. Books tell us about their feelings, what they said and what they did. Books are one of the greatest friends to us. They introduce us the best humanity . They are reliable the thoughts and rituals records of the history. A book is a valuable living voicE- We can know about of past men through books. We should read good books and avoid worthless good book is a friend of loneliness and a nurse in ailment . We can find real happiness ones. A by reading good books. unique (antonym) mighty (antonym) humanity (synonym) reliable (antonym) valuable (antonym) ritual (synonym) worthless (synonym) loneliness (synonym) ailment (synonym) happiness (antonym).
- Suppose,you are Sabina. Write a letter to the Supervisor of Admission Section of Cambridge University asking them about admission procedure for overseas students.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in blank spaces of the following passeges. Mobile phone has added a new dimension to our communication system. It has made the world closer to us. (a) _____, it has made worldwide communication easier. We use it for our day to day communication. (b) _____, it has been part and parcel in our life as we cannot go for a single day without using it. We use it for rapid communication. (c) _____, mobile phone is not free from defects. It has some negative sides as well. (d) _____, excessive use of mobile phone may damage our hearing power. (e) _____, it is a means of money wastagE- (f) _____, it is seen that many underworld crimes are being done with the use of mobile network. (g) _____, the radiation from mobile phone may cause cancer to the users. (h) _____, we are aware of these harmful effects. (i) _____, we are not aware of using the mobile phone .(j) _____, we must have to be conscious of the negative impacts of mobile phonE-
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in blank spaces of the following passeges. Luna looks intelligent. (a) _____, she works hard on her studies. (b) _____ she seems to have poor test taking skills. (c) _____ she often does badly in the exam. (d) _____, she repeatedly makes some strategic mistakes during a written test. (e) _____, she starts off really slowly. This initial slowness forces her to write too hurriedly towards the end resulting in spelling and other mistakes. (f) _____, her answers are often too long. (g) _____, she sometimes has to leave some questions unanswered because of time constraint. (h) _____, she never starts with the easier questions as other students do. (i) _____, she answers questions sequentially beginning from the first onE- (j) _____, these impractical habits of hers lead to poor time management during the exam.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage: We must be aware of the dangers of smoking. It is harmful to us in various ways. It causes various diseases (a) _____ blood pressure, heart attack, bronchitis, cancer, etc. (b) _____ it pollutes air. (c) _____ smoking causes harm to (d) _____ the smokers (e) _____ the non-smokers who remain by them. (f) _____ we should give up smoking. (g) _____ it is (h) _____ great an addiction to get rid of. (i) _____ nothing is impossible for us. (j) _____ we are determined to give up it, we can certainly do it.
- Complete the sentences with suitable phrase/words given in the box. (a) Nazrul----in much hardship but it could not suppress the wild spirit of him. (b) You look very anxious. And you cannot continue your study any longer. You --- take rest.(c) I-----take a taxi than walk home. It's already too late.(d)----- will be somebody waiting for you at the bus stand. Hurry up.(e) The audience listened to her song spellbound-----. she finished it, the audience burst into a loud clap.(f) Daughter: Mom, a chess board ------?(g) You don't know how poor he is. He cannot buy a fan ----an air-conditioner.h) Rome was not built in a day. ----- took a long time and hard labour to build this city.(i) ----taking meal in a five star hotel? I cannot tell you anything about it because I have never been to any five star hotel.(j) Deforestation is a matter of great concern. We ---- take immediate steps against cutting down trees at random.
- Complete the sentences with suitable phrase/words given in the box.a) I met him ten years ago. I can hardly recall his name,----- his address.(b) ---- has been many years since I saw him. So, I cannot recognize him.(c) Don’t behave ---- you knew everything. Remember all others here are senior to you.(d) You ---- build your own house than live in a rented house. House rent has increased much nowadays.(e) Give him the good news ---- you meet him.(f) --- are many rivers in Bangladesh. The rivers abound with plenty of fishes.(g) ---- I had a typewriter, I would type well.(h) You ---- consult with a doctor. The condition of your health may deteriorate.(i) --- he ---? He is friendly and he can help you.(j) Time is over. I ----- go now
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passagE-We want success (a) _____ prosperity in lifE- (b) _____ we do not do what are needed in achieving thesE- (c) _____ we want to make our life glorious, we must follow some rules. (d) _____, we have to be industrious. (e) _____, without hard work, success in life is impossiblE- (f) _____ we should be sincere in our activities. Some people think that good luck is at the root of all achievements in lifE- (g) _____ to them nothing is further from truth than it. (h) _____ every success in life depends totally on our activities. (i) _____ we spend time in idleness, we must suffer. (j) _____ we should be honest in life because this virtue helps us greatly to gain our goal.
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in the blank spaces of the following passage: —Mobile phone has added a new dimension to our communication system. It has made the world closer to us. (a) _____, it has made worldwide communication easier. We use it for our day-to-day communication. (b) _____, it has been a part and parcel in our life as we cannot go for a single day without using it. We use it for rapid communication. (c) _____, mobile phone is not free from defect. It has some negative sides as well. (d) _____, excessive use of mobile phone may damage our hearing power. (e) _____, it is a means of money wastagE- (f) _____, it is seen that many underworld crimes are being done with the use of mobile network. (g) _____, the radiation from mobile phone may cause cancer to the users. (h) _____, we are aware of these harmful effects. (i) _____, we are not aware of using the mobile phonE- (j) _____, we must have to be conscious of the negative impact of mobile phonE-
- Use appropriate sentence connectors in blank spaces of the following passeges.The old sailor spoke so strangely (a) _____ the guest stood still. The feast began (b) _____ the guest could hear the music and laughter, (c) _____ for some reasons he could not join the others. The old man told him about his last journey on the sea. They had sailed away to the south (d) _____ they had arrived in the cold grey sea. (e) _____the sea was frozen, (f) _____ the ice was all around them. The big sails opened wide (g) _____ the strong wind blew them quickly through the icy waters. The weather was very cold. (h) _____, there were no birds and animals in that snow covered country. But one day the sailors saw an albatross flying towards the ship. All men were very pleased to see it and they gave it food and water. It came to the ship everyday (i) _____ they called it. (j) _____ one day, the old sailor killed the bird and after that everyone had to undergo terrible sufferings.