Read the following passage and answer next question:Two great centuries of civilization under the Roman Empire were Rome itself in the West and Byzantium (present-day Istanbul) in the East. The arts had reached supreme heights in the first century B.C. But when Rome fell to invading Barbarians, the dark ages submerged most of Europe for hundreds of years. A large part of the Empire was gradually restored under King Charlemagne in the late and early ninth centuries, and the culture of Byzantium, which had continued to flourish, began to filter through the West.In which of the following periods had the arts developed greatly?